Question
Answer
Mitosis
Cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells
Meiosis
Cell division that produces four genetically different haploid gametes
DNA replication
The process of copying a DNA molecule before cell division
Transcription
The process of copying DNA into mRNA
Translation
The process of building a protein from an mRNA sequence
Mitochondria
The organelle responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration
Chloroplast
The organelle in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis
Cell membrane
The selectively permeable barrier surrounding a cell
Nucleus
The organelle that contains a cell's genetic material
Ribosome
The organelle responsible for protein synthesis
Photosynthesis
The process plants use to convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose)
Cellular respiration
The process cells use to convert glucose into usable energy (ATP)
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate — the primary energy currency of the cell
Enzyme
A protein that speeds up chemical reactions
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable internal environment
Natural selection
The process by which organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce more
Allele
A different version of a gene
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype
The observable physical traits of an organism
Dominant allele
An allele that is expressed even with only one copy present
Recessive allele
An allele that is only expressed when two copies are present
Punnett square
A diagram used to predict the genetic outcomes of a cross
Mutation
A change in an organism's DNA sequence
Homologous chromosomes
Chromosome pairs with the same genes in the same location
Gamete
A reproductive cell (sperm or egg) with half the normal chromosome number
Osmosis
The movement of water across a membrane from low to high solute concentration
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from high to low concentration
Active transport
The movement of molecules across a membrane using energy, against a concentration gradient
Ecosystem
A community of organisms interacting with their physical environment
Population
A group of the same species living in the same area
Species
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Biodiversity
The variety of life in a particular ecosystem
Trophic level
A position in a food chain
Producer
An organism that makes its own food, usually through photosynthesis
Consumer
An organism that eats other organisms for energy
Decomposer
An organism that breaks down dead organic matter
Evolution
The change in heritable traits of a population over generations
Speciation
The process by which new species form
Genetic drift
Random changes in allele frequency in a population over time
Gene flow
The transfer of genetic material between populations
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